Urban Women’s Perceptions of Bird Conservation and Implications for Conservation Education: Evidence from Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Hadinoto Hadinoto; Eni Suhesti; Dodi Sukma R.A; Sri Wahyuni

doi:10.35445/alishlah.v18i1.9193

Urban Women’s Perceptions of Bird Conservation and Implications for Conservation Education: Evidence from Pekanbaru, Indonesia

Hadinoto Hadinoto, Eni Suhesti, Dodi Sukma R.A, Sri Wahyuni

Abstract

Urbanization has significantly altered natural landscapes, affecting bird populations and their ecological functions, including seed dispersal and pest control. Despite their importance, birds in urban environments are often undervalued. This study aims to examine women’s perceptions of bird conservation in urban areas and to identify key factors influencing these perceptions, including personal experience, environmental education, and access to green spaces. A cross-sectional survey design was employed in Pekanbaru City, involving 72 women selected through multistage random sampling across six sub-districts. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire, with reliability confirmed by a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.85. Perceptions of bird conservation were measured using a Likert scale and analyzed descriptively.The results indicate that participants demonstrated a high level of awareness, with a mean perception score of 105.50, categorized as “excellent.” Personal experience with birds, higher levels of education, and proximity to green open spaces were identified as significant factors influencing positive perceptions. Additionally, older and more highly educated women exhibited stronger support for bird conservation.In conclusion, women represent a critical group in advancing urban bird conservation. Their positive perceptions and social roles position them as effective agents of change within families and communities. These findings highlight the importance of integrating gender-responsive approaches into conservation education programs to enhance ecological awareness and promote sustainable practices in urban environments.

Keywords

urbanization; bird conservation; women’s perception; environmental education; green open spaces

Full Text:

PDF

References

Acevedo-Ortiz, M. A., Lugo-Espinosa, G., Ortiz-Hernández, Y. D., Pérez-Pacheco, R., Ortiz-Hernández, F. E., & Granados-Echegoyen, C. A. (2024). Women’s Leadership in Sustainable Agriculture: Preserving Traditional Knowledge Through Home Gardens in Santa Maria Jacatepec, Oaxaca. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(21), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16219513

Alexander, J. S., Murali, R., Mijiddorj, T. N., Agvaantseren, B., Lhamo, C., Sharma, D., Suryawanshi, K. R., Zhi, L., Sharma, K., & Young, J. C. (2023). Applying a gender lens to biodiversity conservation in High Asia. Frontiers in Conservation Science, 4(March), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2023.1006052

Almuna, R., Cortés, J., Medina, M. de los Á., & Vargas, S. P. (2022). We are silently paving the way toward human–wildlife coexistence: The role of women in the rural landscapes of southern Andes. Frontiers in Conservation Science, 3(November), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2022.1006006

Amelia, B., & Chinsya, D. (2024). Women and Nature : An Ecofeminist Study of Environmental Conservation Sustainability. 17(2), 165–180. https://doi.org/10.35719/annisa.v17i2.309

Andre, P., Boneva, T., Chopra, F., & Falk, A. (2024). Globally representative evidence on the actual and perceived support for climate action. Nature Climate Change, 14(3), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01925-3

Basak, S. M., Hossain, M. S., O’Mahony, D. T., Okarma, H., Widera, E., & Wierzbowska, I. A. (2022). Public perceptions and attitudes toward urban wildlife encounters – A decade of change. Science of the Total Environment, 834(November 2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155603

Benedetti, Y., & Haaland, C. (2024). Editorial: Women in urban ecology 2022/2023. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 12(November), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1498127

Bhakti, T., Lodi, M. P., Marujo, L. S., Pena, J. C., & Rodrigues, M. (2023). Beyond Birds’ Conservation: Engaging Communities for The Conservation of Urban Green Spaces. Vista Preliminar, 38(1).

Brace, O., Garrido-Crumbera, M., & Correa-Fernadez, J. (2021). Gender differences in the perceptions of green spaces characteristics. Social Science Quarterly, 102, 2640–2648. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1111/ssqu.13074

Castillo-Aguilar, M. A., & Roa-Angulo, V. (2021). Birdwatching Tourism and Environmental Education as Strategies for the Conservation of Wetlands in the City of Bogotá, Colombia. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 14(13), 1036–1043. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v14i13.1163

Champness, B. S., Fitzsimons, J. A., Kendal, D., & Palmer, G. C. (2023). Perceptions of Birds by Urban Residents in an Australian Regional City and Implications for Conservation. Birds, 4(3), 262–276. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds4030022

Chanvin, M., Lamarque, F., Diko, N., Agil, M., Micheletta, J., & Widdig, A. (2023). Ten Years of Positive Impact of a Conservation Education Program on Children’s Knowledge and Behaviour Toward Crested Macaques (Macaca nigra) in the Greater Tangkoko Area, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. International Journal of Primatology, 44(4), 743–763. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-023-00356-9

Chen-Xia, X. J., Betancor, V., Rodríguez-Gómez, L., & Rodríguez-Pérez, A. (2023). Cultural variations in perceptions and reactions to social norm transgressions: a comparative study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(September), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1243955

Contreras Ameduri, C. (2025). Avian Ecopedagogies: Women Ornithologists and Environmental Education in Late Nineteenth-Century America. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, 42, 73–94. https://doi.org/10.14198/raei.25702

Costa, R., Xu, S., Brandão, A., & Hayashi, M. (2025). Reconnection with nature through empathy: rewiring people and animals by assessing zoo visitors’ connection to species and the need for their conservation. Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1517430

Cronkleton, P., Evans, K., Addoah, T., Dumont, E. S., Zida, M., & Djoudi, H. (2021). Using participatory approaches to enhance women’s engagement in natural resource management in Northern Ghana. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137072

Daza, P., Arista, M., Berjano, R., Ortiz, P., Morón-Monge, H., & Antonini, Y. (2024). Bee pollination and bee decline: A study about university students’ Knowledge and its educational implication. BioScience, 74(12), 851–866. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biae099

Decker, A., & Morrison, S. A. (2021). Decoding gender in nature-based education: perceptions of environmental educators. Environmental Education Research, 27(6), 848–863.

Dixon, K. M., Von Takach, B., Hayward-Brown, B., Guymala, T., Rangers, W., Rangers, J., Rangers, D., Rangers, M., Evans, J., & Penton, C. E. (2024). Integrating western and Indigenous knowledge to identify habitat suitability and survey for the white-throated grasswren (Amytornis woodwardi) in the Arnhem Plateau, Northern Territory, Australia. Wildlife Research, 51(9). https://doi.org/10.1071/WR24034

Dörge, L., Büscher, M., Drews, J., Eylering, A., & Fiebelkorn, F. (2022). German Laypeople’s Willingness to Donate Toward Insect Conservation: Application of an Extended Protection Motivation Theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(January). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.773913

Ehlers Smith, Y. C., Maseko, M. S. T., Sosibo, M., Dlamini, P. V., Thobeka Gumede, S., Ngcobo, S. P., Tsoananyane, L., Zungu, M. M., Ehlers Smith, D. A., & Downs, C. T. (2021). Indigenous knowledge of South African bird and rangeland ecology is effective for informing conservation science. Journal of Environmental Management, 284(January), 112041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112041

Elmor, L., Ramos, G. A., Vieites, Y., Andretti, B., & Andrade, E. B. (2024). Environmental sustainability considerations (or lack thereof) in consumer decision making. International Journal of Research in Marketing, xxxx. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2024.08.003

Eylering, A., Büscher, M., Funk, M., Boldt, J., & Fiebelkorn, F. (2022). Willingness of the German population to donate toward bird conservation: An application of the protection motivation theory. Global Ecology and Conservation, 38(May), e02176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02176

Fair, C. G., & Braman, S. K. (2023). Harnessing behavioral psychology to encourage individuals’ adoption of pollinator conservation behaviors. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2023.1165296

Fernández-Giménez, M. E., Ravera, F., & Oteros-Rozas, E. (2022). The invisible thread: women as tradition keepers and change agents in Spanish pastoral social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 27(2). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-12794-270204

Goyal, N., & De keersmaecker, J. (2022). Cultural dyes: Cultural norms color person perception. Current Opinion in Psychology, 43, 195–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.07.009

Graviola, G. R., Ribeiro, M. C., & Pena, J. C. (2024). Human Perception of Birds in Two Brazilian Cities. Birds, 5(2), 202–216. https://doi.org/10.3390/birds5020014

Härtel, T., Vanhöfen, J., Groβmann, N., & Randler, C. (2024). Unlocking biodiversity awareness: influential factors on bird species knowledge and the links with environmental attitudes and connectedness to nature. In International Journal of Science Education, Part B: Communication and Public Engagement. https://doi.org/10.1080/21548455.2024.2381840

Hepburn, L., Smith, A. C., Zelenski, J., & Fahrig, L. (2021). Bird diversity unconsciously increases people’s satisfaction with where they live. Land, 10(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10020153

Hoffmann, D. (2025). The socialization relevance of digital media practices in adolescence in times of polycrisis. 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s35834-024-00456-3

Hoffmann, R., & Muttarak, R. (2020). Greening through schooling: Understanding the link between education and pro-environmental behavior in the Philippines. Environmental Research Letters, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab5ea0

James, R., Fisher, J. R. B., Carlos-Grotjahn, C., Boylan, M. S., Dembereldash, B., Demissie, M. Z., Diaz De Villegas, C., Gibbs, B., Konia, R., Lyons, K., Possingham, H., Robinson, C. J., Tang, T., & Butt, N. (2023). Gender bias and inequity holds women back in their conservation careers. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10(January), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1056751

James, R., Gibbs, B., Whitford, L., Leisher, C., Konia, R., & Butt, N. (2021). Conservation and natural resource management: Where are all the women? Oryx, 55(6), 860–867. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605320001349

Juma-Michilena, I. J., Ruiz-Molina, M. E., Gil-Saura, I., & Belda-Miquel, S. (2024). Pro-environmental behaviours of generation Z: A cross-cultural approach. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 21(3), 595–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-024-00395-9

Kaeser, A. S., Willcox, A. S., & Panti, N. C. (2018). Attitudes and perceived barriers to women participating in a proposed community-based conservation programme in Belize. In Oryx (Vol. 52, Issue 1, pp. 89–97). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605316000715

Kalle, R., Svanberg, I., Leas, M., Prakofjewa, J., Sartori, M., Danto, A., Schiavone, A., Pehlak, H., Plaan, J., Pieroni, A., & Sõukand, R. (2024). Commons are cared for: Coexistence between humans and wild birds on the island of Kihnu, Estonia. People and Nature, 00, 1–14. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10669

Kariuki, J., & Birner, R. (2021). Exploring gender equity in ecological restoration: The case of a market-based program in Kenya. Ecological Restoration, 39(1–2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.3368/er.39.1-2.77

Kuruppuarachchi, J., Hemadila, P., & Madurapperuma, B. (2023). Comparison of the Literacy Level on Major Environmental Issues of the G.C.E. (A/L) Students of Different Disciplines in Kandy District, Sri Lanka. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053968

Lee, S., McMahan, K., & Scott, D. (2015). The Gendered Nature of Serious Birdwatching. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 20(1), 47–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2015.956375

Lerman, S. B., Desiree L., M.L., N., Megan, L. A., R.B., A., M.E., J., M.G., P., J.L., S., B.F., J., E.H., S., L.L., K., H.L., D., N., C., C.N., K., P.C., J., & L.E.T, T. (2021). Residential yard management and landscape cover affect urban bird community diversity across the continental USA. Ecological Society of America, 31(8).

Li, X., Liu, L., Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., Liu, D., & Feng, Y. (2020). Gender disparity in perceived urban green space and subjective health and well-being in china: Implications for sustainable urban greening. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(24), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410538

Li, Z., Cheng, S., Sun, X., Ren, X., Wang, Y., & Zhang, M. L. (2025). Tuning into urban birdsong: enhancing nature connectedness with an AI-powered wearable. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-81576-8

Liu, T., Ma, L., Cheng, L., Hou, Y., & Wen, Y. (2021). Is ecological birdwatching tourism a more effective way to transform the value of ecosystem services?—a case study of birdwatching destinations in mingxi county, china. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312424

Lopes-Rafegas, I., Cox, H., Mora, T., & Sicuri, E. (2023). The contribution of risk perception and social norms to reported preventive behaviour against selected vector-borne diseases in Guyana. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-43991-1

Ma, R., Luo, Y., & Furuya, K. (2023). Gender Differences and Optimizing Women’s Experiences: An Exploratory Study of Visual Behavior While Viewing Urban Park Landscapes in Tokyo, Japan. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053957

Maas, B., Fabian, Y., Kross, S. M., & Richter, A. (2021). Divergent farmer and scientist perceptions of agricultural biodiversity, ecosystem services and decision-making. Biological Conservation, 256(March), 109065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109065

Maleknia, R., Elena Enescu, R., & Salehi, T. (2024). Climate change and urban forests: generational differences in women’s perceptions and willingness to participate in conservation efforts. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 7(January), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2024.1450098

Maleknia, R., Heindorf, C., Rahimian, M., & Saadatmanesh, R. (2024). Do generational differences determine the conservation intention and behavior towards sacred trees? Trees, Forests and People, 16(June), 100591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100591

Maleknia, R., & Pakravan-charvadeh, M. R. (2024). Using cultivation theory to analyze the impact of different media on public perception of urban forests as climate change solution public perception of urban forests as climate change solution. October. https://doi.org/10.48308/set.2024.237176.1074

Martell, J. E. M., & Rodewald, A. D. (2024). Wildlife values can inform strategic conservation communication efforts. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 30(2), 182–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10871209.2024.2346100

Martha, E., Besral, Zainita, U. H., Rilfi, N. A., & Aminudin, S. A. (2025). Adolescents’ Knowledge on Climate Change: A Nationwide Study in Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040571

Mathur, R., Katyal, R., Bhalla, V., Tanwar, L., Mago, P., & Gunwal, I. (2023). Women at the Forefront of Environmental Conservation. Current World Environment, 18(2), 706–721. https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.18.2.22

McCabe, S., & Nekaris, K. A. I. (2019). The impact of subtle anthropomorphism on gender differences in learning conservation ecology in Indonesian school children. Applied Environmental Education and Communication, 18(1), 13–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/1533015X.2018.1427011

McCloy, M. W. D., Andringa, R. K., Maness, T. J., Smith, J. A., & Grace, J. K. (2024). Promoting urban ecological resilience through the lens of avian biodiversity. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 12(March), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2024.1302002

Mkono, M., Rastegar, R., & Ruhanen, L. (2023). Empowering women to protect wildlife in former hunting tourism zones: a political ecology of Akashinga, Zimbabwe. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(5), 1090–1106. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1900205

Napitupulu, N. D., Novianti, I., & Selmi, K. (2025). Environmental Literacy in Middle School : Ecological Knowledge , Cognitive Skills , Environmental Affect , and Pro-Environmental Behavior. 12(2), 281–296.

Otto, S., & Kaiser, F. G. (2014). Ecological behavior across the lifespan: Why environmentalism increases as people grow older. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.08.004

Pangestu, S. D., Muhdhar, M. H. Al, & Sulisetijono, S. (2023). Analysis of Environmental Literacy Level of Students at MAN 1 Malang City. Bioedukasi, 21(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.19184/bioedu.v21i2.39619

Paryanti, S., Pursitasari, I. D., & Rubini, B. (2021). Ecoliteracy of Junior High School Students in Science Lesson on Environmental Pollution Theme. Scientiae Educatia, 10(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.24235/sc.educatia.v10i1.8073

Pienaah, C. K. A., Baruah, B., Kansanga, M., & Luginaah, I. (2024). The impact of community-led conservation models on women’s nature-based livelihood outcomes in semi-arid Northern Ghana. Discover Environment, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44274-024-00073-x

Pollerhoff, L., Stietz, J., Depow, G. J., Inzlicht, M., Kanske, P., Li, S. C., & Reiter, A. M. F. (2022). Investigating adult age differences in real-life empathy, prosociality, and well-being using experience sampling. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-06620-x

Qi, S., Huang, D., Ma, Q., & Zhou, M. (2023). Factors Influencing Sustainable Development Literacy among Engineering Undergraduates in China: Based on the College Impact Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021249

Rawat, I., Jakhar, P., Jinger, D., Sharma, G., Kumar, M., Jhajhria, A., Kumar, S., Bishnoi, R., & Yadav, V. (2024). Farm Women Participation in Natural Resource Conservation: Technology Adoption Study in Semi-Arid Regions of India. Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika, 39(Of), 66–73. https://doi.org/10.18805/bkap710

Ricoy, M. C., & Sánchez-Martínez, C. (2022). Raising Ecological Awareness and Digital Literacy in Primary School Children through Gamification. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031149

Sahni, P. S., Rajyaguru, C., Narain, K., Miedenbauer, K. L., Kumar, J., & Schonert-reichl, K. A. (2024). Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology Neural dynamics of development of nature empathy in children : An EEG / ERP study. Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology, 7(October), 100210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cresp.2024.100210

Sato, S., Gygax, P. M., Randall, J., & Schmid Mast, M. (2021). The leaky pipeline in research grant peer review and funding decisions: challenges and future directions. Higher Education, 82(1), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-020-00626-y

Schiffer, A. M. (2019). Gender balance aids conservation. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(6), 546. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0600-z

Sharma, S., & Kreye, M. M. (2021). Public attitudes towards birds and private forest land conservation. Forests, 12(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111525

Simarmata, K., Widhagdha, M. F., Pradipta, G., Aditya, R., & Saipullah. (2023). Realizing Gender Equality in Coastal Areas: Conservation of Critical Land and Empowerment of Women. Asean Social Work Journal, 11(1), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.58671/aswj.v11i1.40

Skjelvik, C. E., & Dale, S. (2024). Bird population changes in urban green spaces explained by regional population trends. Urban Ecosystems, 27(4), 1339–1347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-024-01527-z

Sommerville, M., Bessa, T., Malasha, P., & Dooley, M. (2022). Increasing women’s participation in wildlife governance in Zambia. Frontiers in Conservation Science, 3(December), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2022.1003095

Squires, T. M., Yuda, P., Akbar, P. G., Collar, N. J., Devenish, C., Taufiqurrahman, I., Wibowo, W. K., Winarni, N. L., Yanuar, A., & Marsden, S. J. (2021). Citizen science rapidly delivers extensive distribution data for birds in a key tropical biodiversity area. Global Ecology and Conservation, 28(June), e01680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01680

Steven, R., Morrison, C., & Castley, J. G. (2017). Exploring attitudes and understanding of global conservation practice among birders and avitourists for enhanced conservation of birds. In Bird Conservation International (Vol. 27, Issue 2, pp. 224–236). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270916000174

Stobbe, E., Sundermann, J., Ascone, L., & Kühn, S. (2022). Birdsongs alleviate anxiety and paranoia in healthy participants. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20841-0

Straka, T. M., Glahe, C., Dietrich, U., Bui, M., & Kowarik, I. (2025). From nature experience to pro-conservation action: How generational amnesia and declining nature-relatedness shape behaviour intentions of adolescents and adults. Ambio. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-025-02135-7

Sun, X., Shen, J., Tao, R., Shen, Y., Cao, M., & Xiao, Y. (2023). Local Willingness to Pay Survey for Rare and Endangered Species Protection in Qianjiangyuan National Park, China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032045

Tan, X., Yan, P., Liu, Z., Qin, H., & Jiang, A. (2023a). Demographics, behaviours, and preferences of birdwatchers and their implications for avitourism and avian conservation: A case study of birding in Nonggang, Southern China. Global Ecology and Conservation, 46, e02552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02552

Tan, X., Yan, P., Liu, Z., Qin, H., & Jiang, A. (2023b). Demographics, behaviours, and preferences of birdwatchers and their implications for avitourism and avian conservation: A case study of birding in Nonggang, Southern China. Global Ecology and Conservation, 46(June), e02552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02552

Thogmartin, W. E., Crimmins, S. M., & Pearce, J. (2014). Prioritizing bird conservation actions in the Prairie Hardwood transition of the Midwestern United States. Biological Conservation, 176, 212–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.06.002

Trelohan, M. (2022). Do Women Engage in Pro-environmental Behaviours in the Public Sphere Due to Social Expectations? The Effects of Social Norm-Based Persuasive Messages. Voluntas, 33(1), 134–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-020-00303-9

Van Riper, C. J., & Kyle, G. T. (2014). Understanding the internal processes of behavioral engagement in a national park: A latent variable path analysis of the value-belief-norm theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 38, 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.03.002

Vargas-Cárdenas, F., Navarro-Sigüenza, A. G., & Ceccon, E. (2024). The contribution of traditional-homegardens to bird conservation in human-modified landscapes. Agroforestry Systems, 98(7), 2605–2616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-024-01054-y

Yang, X., Tan, X., Chen, C., & Wang, Y. (2020). The influence of urban park characteristics on bird diversity in Nanjing, China. Avian Research, 11(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-020-00234-5

Yusof, A. C., Faizul, A., & Ghazali, M. (2025). THE EFFECTS OF GENDER AND EDUCATION LEVEL ON ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS : FINDINGS FROM THE LENS OF COMMUNITY IN SEREMBAN. 12(1), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.24191/myse.v12i1.1680

Zemljak, D., Hari, D., Bratina, M., Flogie, A., Aber, B., & Kerne, M. (2024). Integrating Contemporary Technologies in Education : Empowering Youth for Sustainable Future through New Literacies Integrating Contemporary Technologies in Education : Empowering Youth for Sustainable Future through New Literacies. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202403.0672.v1

Zhang, S., Wen, L., Weng, A., Cheng, D., & Li, B. (2024). Research Progress in Biodiversity and Human Well-Being, Based on CiteSpace. Biology, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology13121020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v18i1.9193