Analysis of Multicultural Behavior of Senior High School Students

Yosef Yosef; Rahmi Rahmi; Astri Chya; Shelliataprimande Shelliataprimande; Nawang Julia Putri; Tengku Shaffaris Tanury

doi:10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.2992

Analysis of Multicultural Behavior of Senior High School Students

Yosef Yosef, Rahmi Rahmi, Astri Chya, Shelliataprimande Shelliataprimande, Nawang Julia Putri, Tengku Shaffaris Tanury

Abstract

Adequately student multicultural behavior was one of the indicators of successful schooling. Presumably, the students who lived in rural or small city areas had less opportunity to interact with culturally diverse peers. This study aimed to examine their multicultural behavior in the school environment. Using a survey procedure quantitative approach, involved 100 respondents selected randomly, consisting of 34 in 10^thgrade, 32 in 11^thgrade, and 34 in 12^th graders in Batumarta, a small city in South Sumatera Province, Indonesia. Data of students’ multicultural behavior were obtained by administering a questionnaire, a self-report four scales of Likert. It consisted of 36 items assessing their expressing multicultural behavior in five dimensions. For data analysis, after managing the ordinal data and converting them into interval data, we used a line chart to display the students’ multicultural behaviors according to their frequencies in each dimension and compared mean scores of multicultural behaviors based on gender and grade levels by using the analysis of variance method. In conclusion, we found most students have a moderate frequency in expressing multicultural behavior, male and female students had dissimilar multicultural behavior, there were no multicultural behavior differences among the three grade levels, and the predominantly ethnic students were not different from their peers. Finally, we recommended the school develop a multicultural behavior program.

Keywords

multicultural behavior, high school, small city area

Full Text:

PDF

References

Aini, N. (2012). Domestifikasi etnisitas: Pemekaran wilayah dan rutinisasi kekerasan antar etnis di Maluku Utara. Jurnal Pemikiran Sosiologi, 1(1).

Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy Mechanism in Human Agency. In American Psychologist (Vol. 37, Issue 2, pp. 122–147).

Banks, J. A. (2000). Approaches to Multicultural Curriculum Reform. In James E. Banks & Cherry McGee Banks (Ed.), Multicultural Education: Issues and Perspectives (4th ed., pp. 242–264). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Banks, J. A. (2014). Multicultural Education and Global Citizen. In Benet-Martínez & Ying-Yi Hong (Eds.), Multicultural Education and Global Citizen (p. 561). Oxfor Library of Psychology.

Banks, J. A. (2016). Issues and Concepts. In J. A. Banks & C. A. M. Banks (Eds.), Multicultural Education: Issues and Perspectives (9th ed., pp. 1–40). Wiley.

Bayram, S., Metin, Ö., & Katja, Ö. (2021). How Does Adolescents’ Openness to Diversity Change Over Time? The Role of Majority-Minority Friendship, Friends’ Views , and Classroom Social Context. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50, 75–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01329-4

Bear, G. G., Yang, C., Mantz, L. S., & Harris, A. B. (2017). School-Wide Practices Associated with School Climate in Elementary, Middle, and High Schools. Teaching and Teacher Educatin, 63(April), 372–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.01.012

Boateng, G. O., Neilands, T. B., & Frongillo, E. A. (2018). Best Practices for Developing and Validating Scales for Health, Social, and Behavioral Research: A Primer. Fronties in Public Health, 6(June), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149

BPS. (2021). Jumlah Sekolah , Guru , dan Murid Sekolah Menengah Atas ( SMA ) di Bawah Kementerian Pendidikan , Kebudayaan ,. Badan Pusat Statistik. https://www.bps.go.id/indikator/indikator/view_data_pub/0000/api_pub/a1lFcnlHNXNYMFlueG8xL0ZOZnU0Zz09/da_04/1

Brewer, M. B. (2010). Social Identity Complexity and Acceptance Identity. In R. Crisp (Ed.), The Psychology of Social and Cultural Diversity (pp. 11–33). Wiley-Blackwell.

Budirahayu, T., Wijayanti, M. M., & Baskoro, K. (2018). Understanding the multiculturalism values through social media among Indonesian youths. Masyarakat, Kebudayaan Dan Politik, 31(4), 427–439. https://doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v31i42018.427-439

Choudhury, S. (2006). Social Cognitive Development during Adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsl024

Convertino, C., Levinson, B. A., & Gonzalez, N. (2013). Multicultural Education: Characteristics and Goals. In J. A. Banks & C. A. M. Banks (Eds.), Multicultural Education: Issues and Perspectives (8th ed., pp. 25–42). Wiley.

Davis, L. L. (1992). Instrument review : Getting the most from a panel of experts. Applied Nursing Research, 5(4), 194–197. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0897189705800084

Demetriou, C., Uzun, B., & Essau, C. A. (2015). Self‐report Questionnaires. In The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology (1st ed., pp. 1–6). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp507

Engels, M. C., Phalet, K., Gremmen, M. C., Kornelis, J., & Verschueren, K. (2020). Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology Adolescents ’ engagement trajectories in multicultural classrooms : The role of the classroom context. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 69(May), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101156

Eun-ju, C., & Kyung-hwa, L. (2021). Analysis of Longitudinal Relationship among Elementary and Middle School Students ’ Multicultural Acceptance , Self-concept , and Community Consciousness using the Latent Growth Model. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 13(4), 565–575. https://www.iejee.com/index.php/IEJEE/article/view/1430

Fihayati, E., Hasyim, A., & Adha, M. (2014). Analisis Pemahaman dan Sikap Siswa terhadap Hubungan Sosial Siswa Berbeda Budaya. Jurnal Kultur Demokrasi, 2(6), 1–14. http://jurnal.fkip.unila.ac.id/index.php/JKD/article/view/5566/3478

Gall, M. D., Gall, J. P., & Borg, W. R. (2003). Educational Research_ An Introduction (7th Edition) ( PDFDrive ).pdf (7th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.

Gillibrand, R., Lam, V., & O’donnell, V. L. (2016). Developmental Psychology (2nd ed.). Pearson.

Gouëdard, P., Pont, B., & Huang, S. H. P. (2020). Curriculum Reform: A Literatur Review to Supprot Effective Implementation (EDU/WKP(2020)27; JT03469580). https://one.oecd.org/document/EDU/WKP(2020)27/En/pdf

Govorova, E., Benítez, I., Muñiz, J., & Valle, A. (2020). How Schools Affect Student Well-Being : A Cross-Cultural Approach in 35 OECD Countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(March), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00431

Guo, W. (2020). Grade-Level Differences in Teacher Feedback and Students’ Self-Regulated Learning. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(783), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.364

Henderson, S. J., & White, J. L. (2008). Cultural Trauma: A Critical Backdrop to Building Multicultural Competency. In Joseph L. White & S. J. Henderson (Eds.), Building Multicultural Competenci (pp. 7–16). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.

Henfield, M. S., Washington, A., & Byrd, J. A. (2014). Addressing Academic and Opportunity Gaps Impacting Gifted Black Males : Implications for School Counselors. Gifted Child Today, 37(3), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1076217514530118

Heppner, P. P., Kivlighan, D. M., & Wampold, B. E. (2008). Research Design in Counseling. In P. P. Heppner, D. M. Kivlighan, & B. E. Wampold (Eds.), Research Design in Counseling (3th ed.). Thomson Brooks/Cole.

Irawan, D. A. (2017). Expatriates perceptions toward Hofstede’s Indonesia. Journal The WINNERS, 18(2), 83–92.

Kamaruzzaman. (2016). Analisis Faktor Penghambat Kinerja Guru Bimbingan Dan Konseling Sekolah Menengah Atas. SOSIAL HORIZON: Jurnal Pendidikan Sosial, 3(2), 229–242.

Kamil, D., & Mukminin, A. (2015). Indonesian Students ’ Multicultural Awareness in Homogeneously and Heterogeneously Populated Schools and Multicultural Education Policy. Asia-Pacific Collaborative Education Journal, 11(1), 1–16. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316556898_Indonesian_Students%27_Multicultural_Awareness_in_Homogeneously_and_Heterogeneously_Populated_Schools_and_Multicultural_Education_Policy

Kemdikbud. (2022). Tanya Jawab Kurikulum Merdeka (Kemdikbud (ed.)). Kemdikbud.

Kinias, Z. (2012). Culture and Gender Inequality: Psychological Consequences of Perceiving Gender Inequality. Group Process & Intergroup Relation, 15, 382–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430211408940

Koenig, A. M. (2018). Comparing Prescriptive and Descriptive Gender Stereotypes About Children, Adults, and the Elderly. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(1086), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01086

Konan, P. N., Chatard, A., Selimbegovi1, L., & Mugny, G. (2010). Cultural Diversity in the Classroom and its Effects on Academic Performance A Cross-National Perspective. Social Psychology, 41(4), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000031

Luo, M., Sun, D., Zhu, L., & Yang, Y. (2021). Evaluating scientific reasoning ability : Student performance and the interaction effects between grade level , gender , and academic achievement level. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 41(12), 100899. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2021.100899

Mangundjaya, W. L. H. (2013). Is There Cultural Change in the National Cultures of Indonesia? In Y. Kasima & E. S. Kashima (Eds.), Steering the Cultural Dynamics (Issue July 2013, pp. 59–68). Congress of the International Association for Cross Cultural Psychology.

Manning, M. L., Baruth, L. G., & Lee, G. L. (2017). Multicultural education of children and adolescents, sixth edition. In Multicultural Education of Children and Adolescents, Sixth Edition (2nd ed.). Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315186542

Merlin, C. (2017). School Counselors and Multicultural Education: Applying the Five Dimensions Clare Merlin University of North Carolina, Charlotte. Journal of School Counseling, 15(6), 31. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1144757.pdf

Michie, S., Stralen, M. M. Van, & West, R. (2011). The Behaviour Change Wheel: A New Method for Characterising and Designing Behaviour Change Interventions. Implement Sci., 23(April), 6–42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-6-42

Moulita. (2019). Kompetensi Komunikasi Antarbudaya Siswa Sekolah Menengah Atas. Jurnal Simbolika, 5(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/simbollika.v5i1.2261

Muthahhari, T. (2017). Intolerance grows in many school and campus. Tirto.Id. https://tirto.id/survei-uin-jakarta-intoleransi-tumbuh-di-banyak-sekolah-dan-kampus-czQL

Myrick, R. D. (2011). Developmental guidance and counseling: A practical approach (5th ed.). Educational Media Corporation.

Nakaya, A. (2018). Overcoming ethnic conflict through multicultural education: The case of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 20(1), 118–137. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316556898_Indonesian_Students%27_Multicultural_Awareness_in_Homogeneously_and_Heterogeneously_Populated_Schools_and_Multicultural_Education_Policy

Ningrum, A. R. (2018). Social Interactions between Javanese Ethic Group And Balinese Ethnic Group. IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education, 8(2), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-0802058793

Pica-Smith, C., & Poynton, T. (2014). The Role of the School Counselor. Professional School Counseling, 18(1), 82–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X0001800115

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2006). The Content Validity Index : Are You Sure You Know What ’ s Being Reported ? Critique and Recommendations. Research in Nursing & Health, 29, 489–497. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur

Puspa, N., & Larasati, A. (2021). Gender Inequality in Indonesia: Facts and Legal Analysis. Law Research Review Quaterly, 7(4), 445–458.

Raikhan, S., Moldakhmet, M., & Ryskeldy, M. (2014). The Interaction of Globalization and Culture in the Modern World. 2nd World Conference on Design, Arts and Education DAE-2013, 122, 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.1294

Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A., Nassar-mcmillan, S., Butler, S. K., & Mccullough, J. R. (2016). Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies: Guidelines for the Counseling Profession. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44(1), 28–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12035

Reimers, A. K., Jekauc, D., Mess, F., Mewes, N., & Woll, A. (2012). Validity and Reliability of A Self-report Instrument to Assess Social Support and Physical Environmental Correlates of Physical Activity in Adolescents. BMC Public Health, 12(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-705

Rowley, W. J., Stroh, H. R., & Sink, C. A. (2005). Comprehensive Guidance and Counseling Programs’ Use of Guidance Curricula Materials: A Survey of National Trends. Professional School Counseling, January 2005.

Schachner, M. K., Schwarzenthal, M., Moffitt, U., Civitillo, S., & Juang, L. (2021). Capturing a nuanced picture of classroom cultural diversity climate : Multigroup and multilevel analyses among secondary school students in Germany. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 65(March), 1–14. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101971

Sufyadi, S., Yani, T. H., Adiprima, P., Satria, M. R., Andiarti, A., & Herutami, I. (2021). Profil Pelajar Pancasila. Kemdibudristek.

Suharnomo, S., & Syahruramdhan, F. N. (2018). JGBA-2018. J. Global Business Advancement, 11(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1504/JGBA.2018.093168

Tirtosudarmo, R. (2022). Managing Multicultural Society in Indonesia, with Jakarta as Show Case National Research and Innovation Agency. Journal for the Study of Islamic History and Culture, 3(2), 27–44. https://journal.unusia.ac.id/index.php/ISLAMNUSANTARA/article/view/311/289

Usher, E. L., & Pajares, F. (2009). Review of Educational and Future Directions. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 751–796. https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308321456

Wood, H. (2019). Gender Inequality: The Problem of Harmful , Patriarchal, Traditional and Cultural Gender Practices in the Church. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 75(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v75i1.5177

Yosef. (2022). A Comparative Study Between Islamic and Public High Schools on Multicultural Self-Efficacy. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 5(2), 56–70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v5i1.2591

Yosef, Harlina, Rahmi, & Muslifar, R. (2022). Designing a Scale for Measuring Multicultural Self-Efficacy of High School Students. Education Quarterly Reviews, 5(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1993.05.03.539

Zamroni, Astuti Dwiningrum, S. I., Hope, J., Kartowagiran, B., Sudartinah, T., Siteine, A., & Yao, Z. (2021). Cross-cultural Competence in Multicultural Education in Indonesian and New Zealand High Schools. International Journal of Instruction, 14(3), 597–612. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2021.14335a

Zarbaliyev, H. (2017). Multiculturalism in Globalization Era: History and Challenge for Indonesia. Journal of Social Studies (JSS), 13(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.21831/JSS.V13I1.16966.G9971

Zucker, R. A., Gonzalez, R., Ewing, W. F., Paulus, M. P., & Arroyo, J. (2018). Assessment of Culture and Environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, Description of Measures, and Early Data. Developmenta Cognitive Neuroscience, 32, 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2018.03.004

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i3.2992