Principles of Effective Online Learning: Developing a Curriculum for Virtual Classroom

David Tjahjana

doi:10.35445/alishlah.v15i4.4535

Principles of Effective Online Learning: Developing a Curriculum for Virtual Classroom

David Tjahjana

Abstract

Colleges and universities of all sizes are expanding into online education in response to rising demand from students and academics. Using the ideas of learner-centeredness, constructivism, and contextual learning, this article explores the five cornerstones of online learning. The capacity to (a) cultivate a sense of belonging and community, (b) integrate active learning, (c) leverage learner agency, (d) embrace mastery learning, and (e) adapt one's educational experience are all cornerstones. In this article, the authors evaluate 40 studies published in the last five years to draw conclusions on the fundamentals of efficient online education. This paper presents an analysis of the concerns and obstacles encountered during the development of a curriculum for virtual classrooms. The identified issues are thoroughly examined and potential solutions are proposed and debated.

Keywords

Curriculum; Online Learning; Virtual Classroom

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdelmalak, M. M. M. (2015). Web 2.0 technologies and building online learning communities: students' perspectives. Online Learning Journal [OLJ], 19(2)

Apriyanti, D., Syarif, H., Ramadhan, S., Zaim, M., & Agustina, A. (2019). Technology-Based Google Classroom In English Business Writing Class. 301(Icla 2018), 689–694. https://doi.org/10.2991/icla-18.2019.113

Arbaugh, J. B., Cleveland-Innes, M., Diaz, S. R., Garrison, D.R., Ice, P., Ricliardson, J. C., & Swan, K. P. (2008). Developing a community of inquiry instrument: Testing a measure of the COI framework using a multi-institutional sample. Internet and Higher Education. 11, 133-136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.06.003

Atmojo, A. E. P., & Nugroho, A. (2020). EFL classes must go online! teaching activities and challenges during COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Register Journal, 13(1), 49–76. https://doi.org/10.18326/rgt.v13i1.49-76

Bisanda, E. T. (2016). Empowering learners for effective open and distance learning. In Third Open and Distance Learning Conference in Namibia (p. 8).

Blanchard, A. (2007). Developing a sense of virtual community measure. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 10(6), 827–830, https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.9946

Bolliger, D. U., & Inan, F. A. (2012) Development and validation of the online student connectedness survey (OSCS) International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 13(3), 41-65, https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v13i3.1171

Butler Kaler, C. (2012). A model of successful adaptation to online learning for college-bound Native American high school students. Multicultural Education & Technology Journal, 6(2), 60–76. https://doi.org/10.1108/17504971211236245

Castro, M.D.B., Tumibay, G.M. (2021). A literature review: efficacy of online learning courses for higher education institution using meta-analysis. Educ Inf Technol 26, 1367–1385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-10027-z

Cornell, H. R., Sayman, D., & Herron, J. (2019). Sense of Community in an Online Graduate Program. Journal of Effective Teaching in Higher Education, 2(2), 117-132. https://doi.org/10.36021/jethe.v2i2.52

Dhawan, S. (2020). Online learning: A panacea in the time of COVID-19 crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 49(1), 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520934018

Dick, G., Akbulut, A. Y., & Matta, V. (2020). Teaching and learning transformation in the time of the Coronavirus crisis. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research, 22(4), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2020.1861420

Erickson, K. Khan, A. (2014). Collaborative Development Strategies for Mobile Health Apps. Assistive technology Industry Association(ATIA). Orlando, FL.

Febrianto, P. T., Mas’udah, S., & Megasari, L. A. (2020). Implementation of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic on Madura Island, Indonesia. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(8), 233–254. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.19.8.13

Finch, D., & Jacobs, K. (2012). Online education: Best practices to promote learning. In Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting (Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 546-550). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.

Fink, L. Dee. (2015) Designing Instruction for Significant Learning. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education , 15(1), 1-8

Haugen, S., LaBarre, J., & Melrose, J. (2001). Online course delivery: Issues and challenges. Issues in Information Systems, 2, 127-131

Hillman, D.C., Willis, D.J., & Gunawardena, CN (1994). Learner interface interaction in distance education: An extension of contemporary models and strategy for practitioners. American Journal of Distance Education, 8(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923649409526853

Johnson, L., Becker, S. A., Cummins, M., Estrada, V., Freeman, A., & Hall, C. (2016). NMC Horizon Report: 2016 Higher Education Edition: 1–50. The New Media Consortium. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/171478

Khan, A., Egbue, O., Palkie, B., & Madden, J. (2017). Active learning: Engaging students to maximize learning in an online course. Electronic Journal of e-learning, 15(2), pp107-115.

Lie, A., Tamah, S. M., Gozali, I., Triwidayati, K. R., Utami, T. S. D., & Jemadi, F. (2020). Secondary school language teachers' online learning engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 19, 803–832. https://doi.org/10.28945/4626

Lin, G. Y., (2004) Social Presence Questionnaire of Online Collaborative Learning: Development and Validity. Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 27, 19-23

Maddrell J.A., Watson G.S. (2012) The Influence of Backchannel Communication on Cognitive Load. In: Moller L., Huett J. (eds) The Next Generation of Distance Education. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi-org.uproxy.library.dc-uoit.ca/10.1007/978-1-4614-1785-9_11

Molnar, A., & Muntean, C. H. (2012). Cost Oriented Adaptive Multimedia Delivery

Moore, M.G. (1989). Three types of interaction. American Journal of Distance Education, 3(2), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923648909526659

Ou, C., Joyner, D. A., & Goel, A. K. (2019). Designing and developing video lessons for online learning: A seven-principle model. Online Learning, 23(2), 82-104.

Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 2: Do They Really Think Differently? On the Horizon, 9(6)

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., … Brennan, S. E. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. International Journal of Surgery, 88, 105906.

Pearson Releases Report on Best Practices for Implementing Successful Online Programs at Higher Education Institutions | Pearson News. (2016). USA. Retrieved 24 May 2016

Poll, K. & Weller, S. (2014). Six Instructional Best Practices for Online Engagement and Retention. The Journal of Online Doctoral Education, 56.

Popay, J., Roberts, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., … Duffy, S. (2006). Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews. A Product from the ESRC Methods Programme Version, 1(1), b92.

Rasmitadila, R., Aliyyah, R. R., Rachmadtullah, R., Samsudin, A., Syaodih, E., Nurtanto, M., & Tambunan, A. R. S. (2020). The perceptions of primary school teachers of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic period: A case study in Indonesia. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies, 7(2), 90. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/388

Rovai, A. P. (2002c). A preliminary look at the structural differences of higher education classroom communities in traditional and ALN courses. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 6(1)

Sarkar, S. (2020, May 16). A brief history of online learning. Adamasuniversity.Ac.In. https://adamasuniversity.ac.in/a-brief-history-of-online-education/

Sepulveda-Escobar, P., & Morrison, A. (2020). Online teaching placement during the COVID-19 pandemic in Chile: challenges and opportunities. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(4), 587–607. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1820981

Singh, V., & Thurman, A. (2019). How many ways can we define online learning? A systematic literature review of definitions of online learning (1988-2018). American Journal of Distance Education, 33(4), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2019.1663082

Siddaway, A. P., Wood, A. M., & Hedges, L. V. (2019). How to do a systematic review: a best practice guide for conducting and reporting narrative reviews, meta-analyses, and meta-syntheses. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 747–770.

Tan, S.C., Lee, A.V.Y. (2018). Online Learning Communities in K-12 Settings. In: Voogt J., Knezek G., Christensen R., Lai KW. (eds) Second Handbook of Information Technology in Primary and Secondary Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education

Wilton, L., Khan, R., Brett, C., & Alexander, P. C. (2020). Private Interactions in Online Discussions: Instructor Perspectives. In Handbook of Research on Online DiscussionBased Teaching Methods (pp. 351-379). IGI Global.

Yulia, H. (2020). Online Learning to Prevent the Spread of Pandemic Corona Virus in Indonesia. ETERNAL (English Teaching Journal), 11(1), 48–56. https://doi.org/10.26877/eternal.v11i1.6068

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35445/alishlah.v15i4.4535